受访者：扎哈·哈迪德建筑事务所（以下简称ZHA）
采访者：陈海亮，《城市空间设计》海外记者
Interviewee：Zaha Hadid Architects
Interviewer：William Hailiang Chen, Urban Flux Overseas Reporter
Urban Flux(以下简称“UF”)：对于贾努布体育场来说，最大的挑战是什么?在设计一个可开合的屋顶时，最困难或最关键的部分是什么？
ZHA:最初在2013年和整个初期设计阶段，设计最大的挑战是考虑如何让露天的球场，即便在夏季7月份下午3点这样炎热的时间段也能为球员提供舒适的竞赛环境。考虑到卡塔尔一年中那个时候气候的极端高温和湿度：大约45度，湿度为80%，这种气候条件与开放屋顶的硬性要求相组合，是个非常巨大的设计挑战。前期我们大量精力都投入到气候分析和建筑设计中，以优化体育场的外围结构，以尽可能地为观众和球员提供遮阳。我们使用观众席和球场同时冷却系统，以及可开合的屋顶为设计理念指导，比如屋顶可以在比赛前关闭，进行赛前预冷。然而，在比赛期间，屋顶一旦打开，在没有风的情况下这个方案可能会奏效。但如果有风，场内的冷空气就会被带出体育场。正因为此，我们始终无法确保达到最理想的效果，而当得知比赛时间移至卡塔尔气候宜人的冬季后，大家才松了一口气。
设计一个可开合的屋顶是一项非常特殊的设计任务，它们并不常见，尤其是以拉伸织物为材料的就更少见了。通常人们看到的是由刚性面板制成，沿着轨道移动的可以关闭和打开运动场上空犹如眼睛的屋顶。但在这个设计中，我们想要一种织物解决方案，以便它可以与屋顶设计无缝衔接。为此，设计了一个独特的“球场眼”轮廓，它看起来像是被裁切的眼球形状，同时与褶皱形式的屋顶组合。该设计的灵感来自传统单桅帆船的帆，因此我们也希望在屋顶上复制了类似单桅帆船的帆面织物形态。折叠织物的独特解决方案是由世界领先的拉伸结构工程公司Schlaich Bergermann公司设计的，该织物可以从“球场眼球”任意一端伸展以覆盖整座场地。
UF:国内地方政府或私人足球俱乐部经常错误地将国际足联球场技术指南视为必须要求，而不是推荐指南。它对总体规划的早期规划策略和体育场设计在占地面积、建筑面积和容量等方面起着决定性作用。与其设计一个满足世界杯标准，但在举办时可能会过时的体育场，你们准备采用什么策略来保持体育场的灵活性，以适应或满足未来的不同需求?(特别是不同赛事的各类要求，如亚洲杯、国际足联世俱杯和中超联赛等)
ZHA:贾努布球场的一半座位可被拆除并运送到其他地方进行二次利用。上层体育场座席就是在这个前提下设计的，赛后场馆内的座席容量从40,000个减少到20,000个。较低层的体积和空间也可以重新配置以被用于其他用途，如酒店或学校。这种适应性是从一开始就设计的，即在确保该体育场为当地足球比赛的主场馆的前提下，馆内的座席容量和空间可根据赛事要求增减。此外，体育场周围的区域被也规划整合到社区空间之中，包含公园、休闲设施和零售店，所以贾努布球场也是可全年使用的日常社区场所。(张萃 译)
UF: What is the biggest challenge for the delivery of AL Janoub Stadium and what is most difficult or critical part when designing an operable roof?
ZHA: Initially in 2013 and through the design stages the challenge was to design a stadium that could create safe conditions for the players to play football in the stadium under an open sky over the field of play at 3pm in July. Given the extreme heat and humidity of the climate at that time of the year in Qatar, circa 45 degrees with 80% humidity, the climate combined with the open roof requirement this was a considerable design challenge. A lot of effort went into climatic analysis and the building design to refine the enclosure of the stadium to shade the spectators and players as much as possible. A concept was developed using bowl and pitch cooling combined with an operable roof so the roof could be closed before the match and the stadium precooled before the match. However at matchtime the roof would be opened and it was hoped that if there was no wind the concept may work. However if there was a wind, it risked taking the cooled air out of the stadium and replacing it with warm external air. For these reasons no certainty could be achieved on this aspect and it was a relief when the tournament was moved to winter when the Qatar climate is pleasant and this condition could be easily satisfied.
Designing an operable roof is a very exceptional design task, they are not common and they are even less so as a tensile fabric. Typically what one sees is a operable roof made of rigid panels moving along a track to close and open the oculus over the field of play. In this design, we wanted a fabric solution so it could be seamlessly integrated with the roof design. We had a unique occulus outline, a truncated eye shape combined with a roof made with folds or pleats. The design was inspired by the sails of a traditional Dhow boat so it was apt to replicate the sail fabric of the Dhow in the operable roof. The unique solution of a folded fabric which expands from the housing at either end of the occulus to cover the field of play was designed by Schlaich Bergermann, world leading engineers for tensile structures and in particular operable roofs.
UF: Local Chinese Government or private football club often mistakenly treat FIFA stadium technical guidelines as an absolute requirement and not a recommended guidance. It plays an important role on early planning strategy of masterplan and stadium design in terms of site footprint, GFA and capacity etc. Instead of designing a current world-cup compliance stadium but out of date by the time of mega-event, what is the strategy to keep the stadium flexible for future alteration to suit or to meet different requirements? (Particularly different requirements from different events, such Asian Cup, FIFA Club World Cup, CSL game etc.)
ZHA: Half of the Al Janoub Stadium’s seating can be dismantled and shipped to another location where it can be re used as seating. The upper tier of the stadium seating is designed on this basis so after the tournament the stadium seating capacity can reduce from 40,000 to 20,000 seats. The volume and space above the lower tier can be re configured to incorporate other uses such as a hotel or a school. This flexibility was designed in from the beginning so the increased seating capacity required for the tournament could be reduced to the capacity required afterwards and the stadium reconfigured to accept other uses whilst remaining as a football stadium for the local football team. In addition the area around the stadium was designed to incorporate community spaces and facilities such as parks, leisure facilities and retail so the stadium can be a community place everyday of the year.
